ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is an international standard that specifies the basic safety and essential performance requirements for ventilators used in medical applications. Here’s a detailed overview of the standard:
Overview of ISO 80601-2-72:2015
Title: ISO 80601-2-72:2015 – Medical electrical equipment — Part 2-72: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of ventilators for the care of patients with respiratory insufficiency
Scope:
- This standard applies to medical electrical equipment (ME equipment) used to provide ventilatory support to patients with respiratory insufficiency. It specifies requirements to ensure the basic safety and essential performance of such equipment.
Key Requirements of ISO 80601-2-72:2015
1. Basic Safety
- Electrical Safety: Ensures that ventilators are designed and tested to prevent electrical hazards. This includes insulation, grounding, and protection against electrical shock.
- Mechanical Safety: Addresses the risks associated with moving parts and mechanical failures to prevent injury.
- Environmental Safety: Specifies the equipment’s resistance to environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic interference.
2. Essential Performance
- Ventilatory Performance: The ventilator must provide reliable and accurate respiratory support according to the specified modes of operation. This includes controlling parameters such as tidal volume, respiratory rate, and pressure.
- Alarm Systems: Includes requirements for alarm functionality to alert users to any malfunctions or critical conditions, ensuring patient safety.
- User Interface: The equipment must have a user-friendly interface that allows for clear operation and monitoring of ventilatory parameters.
3. Labeling and Documentation
- User Manuals: Detailed instructions must be provided, including information on the proper use, maintenance, and troubleshooting of the ventilator.
- Labels: Clear labeling on the device itself to indicate important safety information and operational instructions.
4. Testing and Verification
- Performance Testing: Includes testing procedures to verify that the ventilator performs as intended under various conditions.
- Safety Testing: Ensures that the equipment meets safety standards and that any potential risks are identified and mitigated.
5. Risk Management
- Risk Analysis: Requires a risk management process to identify, evaluate, and control risks associated with the use of the ventilator.
- Failure Modes: Addresses potential failure modes and their impact on patient safety and equipment performance.
6. Design and Construction
- Durability: The design must ensure that the ventilator can withstand the stresses of typical use and environmental conditions.
- Maintainability: The equipment should be designed for easy maintenance and repair, including access to internal components for servicing.
Importance of ISO 80601-2-72:2015
**1. Patient Safety:
- Ensures that ventilators provide reliable respiratory support without posing safety risks to patients.
**2. Regulatory Compliance:
- Meets international standards required for regulatory approval and market entry in various countries.
**3. Consistency:
- Provides a consistent set of requirements for ventilator manufacturers, improving quality and safety across different products.
**4. Performance Assurance:
- Guarantees that the ventilator performs as expected under a range of conditions, providing effective respiratory support.
Conclusion
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 sets forth comprehensive requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of ventilators used in respiratory care. By adhering to this standard, manufacturers can ensure that their ventilators are safe, effective, and reliable, ultimately enhancing patient care and meeting regulatory expectations.
What is required ISO 80601-2-72:2015 basic safety or essential performance of the ventilator
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 outlines the basic safety and essential performance requirements for ventilators used in medical applications, specifically for patients with respiratory insufficiency. Here are the key requirements specified in the standard:
1. General Requirements
- Risk Management:
- Requirement: Implement a risk management process to identify and mitigate risks associated with the use of the ventilator.
- Details: Include risk analysis, evaluation, and control measures to address potential hazards and ensure patient safety.
2. Basic Safety Requirements
- Electrical Safety:
- Requirement: Ensure electrical safety through proper insulation, grounding, and protection against electrical shock.
- Details: Compliance with standards related to electrical safety, including insulation resistance and leakage currents.
- Mechanical Safety:
- Requirement: Design the ventilator to prevent mechanical hazards, such as injury from moving parts or structural failures.
- Details: Ensure that mechanical components are secure and that any moving parts are safely enclosed or guarded.
- Environmental Conditions:
- Requirement: Ensure that the ventilator can operate safely and effectively under specified environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity).
- Details: Define the operating and storage conditions for the equipment and test for performance under these conditions.
3. Essential Performance Requirements
- Ventilatory Performance:
- Requirement: The ventilator must provide accurate and reliable respiratory support based on the specified operating modes.
- Details: Ensure accurate control of parameters such as tidal volume, respiratory rate, pressure, and volume. The equipment should maintain performance within specified limits under normal and fault conditions.
- Alarm Systems:
- Requirement: Include alarms to alert users to critical conditions, malfunctions, or deviations from set parameters.
- Details: The alarm system must be effective in notifying users of issues that could impact patient safety, with clear and distinguishable signals.
- User Interface:
- Requirement: Provide a user-friendly interface for operating and monitoring the ventilator.
- Details: Ensure that controls, displays, and indicators are designed for ease of use and clarity. The interface should facilitate proper setup, monitoring, and adjustment of ventilatory settings.
4. Labeling and Documentation
- User Instructions:
- Requirement: Provide detailed instructions for use, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
- Details: The user manual should include clear guidance on operating procedures, safety precautions, and maintenance practices.
- Labeling:
- Requirement: Label the ventilator with essential safety information and operational instructions.
- Details: Labels should include warnings, symbols, and information relevant to the safe and effective use of the equipment.
5. Testing and Verification
- Performance Testing:
- Requirement: Conduct performance testing to verify that the ventilator operates as specified.
- Details: Include tests for all operating modes, parameter settings, and under various conditions to ensure compliance with performance requirements.
- Safety Testing:
- Requirement: Perform safety tests to verify that the ventilator meets safety standards and does not pose risks to patients or operators.
- Details: Test for electrical safety, mechanical safety, and environmental conditions as specified in the standard.
6. Design and Construction
- Durability:
- Requirement: Design the ventilator to be durable and withstand the stresses of typical use.
- Details: Use materials and construction methods that ensure the device remains functional and safe throughout its intended lifespan.
- Maintainability:
- Requirement: Ensure that the ventilator is easy to maintain and repair.
- Details: Design for accessibility to components that may require servicing and provide clear instructions for maintenance procedures.
7. Performance in Fault Conditions
- Requirement: Ensure that the ventilator continues to perform safely in the event of faults or malfunctions.
- Details: Implement safety features and fail-safes to minimize the impact of potential failures on patient care.
By adhering to these requirements, manufacturers can ensure that their ventilators are both safe and effective, providing reliable respiratory support while meeting regulatory and industry standards.
Who is required ISO 80601-2-72:2015 basic safety or essential performance of the ventilator
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is required for various stakeholders involved in the development, regulation, and use of medical ventilators. Here’s a breakdown of who is required to adhere to this standard:
1. Manufacturers
- Requirement: Medical device manufacturers that design, produce, or distribute ventilators must comply with ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Purpose: Ensures that their products meet the essential safety and performance requirements, making them suitable for use in medical settings.
2. Regulatory Bodies
- Requirement: Regulatory authorities responsible for medical device approval and oversight will reference ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Purpose: Used to evaluate whether ventilators meet the necessary safety and performance standards before granting regulatory approval or certification.
3. Medical Device Testing and Certification Organizations
- Requirement: Organizations that perform testing and certification of medical devices must use ISO 80601-2-72:2015 as a basis for their assessments.
- Purpose: Ensures that ventilators are tested according to standardized requirements to verify their safety and performance.
4. Healthcare Providers and Institutions
- Requirement: Hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities that use ventilators must be aware of ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Purpose: Ensures that the equipment they use is compliant with established safety and performance standards, contributing to patient safety and effective care.
5. Importers and Distributors
- Requirement: Companies involved in importing or distributing medical ventilators must ensure that the products they handle meet the requirements of ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Purpose: Ensures that products entering the market adhere to international safety and performance standards.
6. Designers and Engineers
- Requirement: Professionals involved in the design and engineering of ventilators must consider ISO 80601-2-72:2015 during development.
- Purpose: Guides the design process to ensure the ventilator meets safety and performance criteria, facilitating compliance and successful market entry.
Summary
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is required for anyone involved in the lifecycle of medical ventilators—from development and manufacturing to regulatory approval and clinical use. Adhering to this standard ensures that ventilators are safe, effective, and reliable, supporting high standards of patient care and safety across healthcare settings.
When is required ISO 80601-2-72:2015 basic safety or essential performance of the ventilator
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is required in various contexts related to the lifecycle of medical ventilators. Here’s when the standard is typically required:
1. During Product Development
- When: During the design and development phases of ventilators.
- Requirement: Manufacturers must ensure that their ventilator designs meet the basic safety and essential performance requirements specified in ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Purpose: To ensure that the product will be compliant with safety and performance standards before moving into production.
2. For Regulatory Approval
- When: Before a ventilator can be marketed or used in clinical settings.
- Requirement: Regulatory bodies require that ventilators meet the standards outlined in ISO 80601-2-72:2015 as part of the approval or certification process.
- Purpose: To verify that the product complies with international safety and performance standards and is safe for use.
3. During Manufacturing
- When: Throughout the production and assembly of ventilators.
- Requirement: Manufacturers must adhere to the standard’s requirements to ensure the product’s safety and performance during and after production.
- Purpose: To ensure that each unit produced conforms to the specifications and remains reliable and safe for use.
4. For Quality Assurance and Testing
- When: During testing and quality assurance processes.
- Requirement: Testing organizations and manufacturers need to follow ISO 80601-2-72:2015 guidelines to assess the safety and performance of the ventilator.
- Purpose: To ensure that the product performs as intended and meets all safety criteria.
5. For Market Surveillance
- When: After the product is on the market.
- Requirement: Ongoing compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015 may be required for market surveillance and post-market evaluations.
- Purpose: To monitor and ensure that the ventilator continues to meet safety and performance standards throughout its lifecycle.
6. For Re-certification or Updates
- When: When updating or modifying existing ventilator models.
- Requirement: Any significant changes to the design, materials, or intended use of the ventilator must be assessed for compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Purpose: To ensure that updates or modifications do not compromise the product’s safety or performance.
Summary
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is required at multiple stages, including development, regulatory approval, manufacturing, quality assurance, market surveillance, and when making updates. Adhering to this standard ensures that medical ventilators are consistently safe and effective throughout their lifecycle.
Where is required ISO 80601-2-72:2015 basic safety or essential performance of the ventilator
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is required in various locations and contexts where medical ventilators are designed, used, regulated, and maintained. Here’s where the standard is typically required:
1. Manufacturing Facilities
- Location: Factories and production facilities where ventilators are manufactured.
- Requirement: Manufacturers must adhere to the standard to ensure that their products meet the safety and performance requirements during production.
2. Regulatory and Certification Bodies
- Location: National and international regulatory agencies and certification organizations.
- Requirement: These bodies use ISO 80601-2-72:2015 to evaluate whether ventilators comply with necessary safety and performance standards before granting approval or certification.
3. Healthcare Institutions
- Location: Hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings where ventilators are used.
- Requirement: Healthcare providers must ensure that the ventilators they use comply with ISO 80601-2-72:2015 to guarantee that the equipment is safe and effective for patient care.
4. Testing and Verification Laboratories
- Location: Laboratories that conduct performance and safety testing on medical devices.
- Requirement: Testing organizations follow ISO 80601-2-72:2015 to assess and verify the safety and performance of ventilators.
5. Design and Engineering Facilities
- Location: R&D and design facilities where ventilators are developed and engineered.
- Requirement: Designers and engineers need to follow ISO 80601-2-72:2015 to ensure that new ventilator designs meet the required safety and performance criteria.
6. Distribution and Supply Chain
- Location: Warehouses, distribution centers, and logistics companies involved in the handling and transportation of ventilators.
- Requirement: Ensure that the ventilators being distributed comply with ISO 80601-2-72:2015 to maintain their safety and performance standards.
7. Regulatory Compliance Documentation
- Location: Documentation and records related to the regulatory compliance of ventilators.
- Requirement: Documentation must demonstrate adherence to ISO 80601-2-72:2015, including records of testing, certification, and quality assurance.
Summary
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is required at various stages and locations in the lifecycle of medical ventilators, from manufacturing and regulatory approval to use in healthcare settings and distribution. Ensuring compliance with this standard across these contexts helps maintain high standards of safety and performance for ventilators used in patient care.
How is required ISO 80601-2-72:2015 basic safety or essential performance of the ventilator
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 specifies how the basic safety and essential performance of medical ventilators are to be achieved and maintained. Here’s a breakdown of how compliance with the standard is typically achieved:
1. Design and Development
- Risk Management:
- Process: Implement a systematic risk management process to identify, assess, and mitigate risks associated with the ventilator.
- Requirements: Conduct hazard analysis and risk assessment, and integrate risk controls into the design process to ensure safety.
- Design Specifications:
- Process: Follow the design requirements outlined in the standard to ensure the ventilator meets performance criteria.
- Requirements: Include specific requirements for electrical, mechanical, and environmental safety. Ensure that the design addresses all critical safety aspects.
2. Manufacturing and Quality Control
- Quality Management System:
- Process: Implement a quality management system (QMS) that complies with ISO 13485, focusing on the aspects relevant to ventilator manufacturing.
- Requirements: Ensure that manufacturing processes are controlled to produce ventilators that meet the specifications and standards.
- Testing and Verification:
- Process: Conduct thorough testing of the ventilator to verify compliance with the standard.
- Requirements: Perform tests for electrical safety, mechanical safety, and performance under specified conditions. Validate that the ventilator operates correctly in all intended modes.
3. Regulatory Compliance
- Documentation:
- Process: Prepare and maintain detailed documentation demonstrating compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Requirements: Include design records, testing results, risk management files, and compliance certificates.
- Certification:
- Process: Obtain certification from accredited bodies that assess compliance with the standard.
- Requirements: Certification involves an audit of the manufacturing process, design documentation, and testing results to verify adherence to the standard.
4. User Instructions and Training
- User Manuals:
- Process: Provide comprehensive user manuals and instructions for the operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of the ventilator.
- Requirements: Manuals must include safety information, operating procedures, and guidelines for proper use.
- Training:
- Process: Ensure that healthcare providers and users are trained on the proper use and maintenance of the ventilator.
- Requirements: Training programs should cover the safe operation of the ventilator, understanding alarm systems, and responding to malfunctioning equipment.
5. Post-Market Surveillance
- Monitoring and Feedback:
- Process: Implement a system for monitoring the performance of the ventilator once it is in use and collect feedback from users.
- Requirements: Address any issues or adverse events reported, and make necessary updates or improvements to the ventilator.
- Maintenance and Updates:
- Process: Conduct regular maintenance and update the ventilator as needed to ensure continued compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Requirements: Follow procedures for servicing the equipment and making modifications while maintaining safety and performance standards.
6. Compliance Verification
- Internal Audits:
- Process: Perform internal audits to ensure ongoing compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Requirements: Review processes, documentation, and product performance against the standard’s requirements.
- External Audits:
- Process: Participate in external audits by regulatory bodies or certification organizations.
- Requirements: Provide evidence of compliance and address any findings or recommendations from these audits.
Summary
Compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015 involves a comprehensive approach that includes risk management, design and development, manufacturing, regulatory compliance, user instructions, and post-market surveillance. By following these processes, manufacturers and users ensure that ventilators meet the required safety and performance standards throughout their lifecycle.
Case Study on ISO 80601-2-72:2015 basic safety or essential performance of the ventilator
Case Study: Compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015 for a New Ventilator Model
Background
Company: MedVent Inc., a medical device manufacturer specializing in respiratory equipment.
Product: The new “VentEase 3000” ventilator, designed for use in hospitals to support patients with respiratory insufficiency.
Objective: Ensure that the VentEase 3000 meets the basic safety and essential performance requirements as specified in ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
1. Design and Development
Initial Design Phase:
- Risk Management: MedVent Inc. initiated a comprehensive risk management process. A risk analysis was conducted to identify potential hazards associated with the ventilator, such as electrical failures, mechanical issues, and incorrect operation.
- Design Requirements: The design team developed specifications addressing electrical safety (e.g., insulation and grounding), mechanical safety (e.g., secure moving parts), and environmental conditions (e.g., operating temperature and humidity).
Design Verification:
- Testing: The VentEase 3000 prototype underwent rigorous testing, including electrical safety tests, performance verification under various conditions, and mechanical durability tests.
- Performance Benchmarks: The ventilator was tested for compliance with performance criteria, including accurate control of tidal volume, respiratory rate, and pressure.
2. Manufacturing and Quality Control
Quality Management System (QMS):
- Implementation: MedVent Inc. implemented a quality management system compliant with ISO 13485 to manage the production of the VentEase 3000.
- Process Controls: Manufacturing processes were controlled to ensure each ventilator met the design specifications. Regular audits and inspections were conducted to maintain quality.
Production Testing:
- Routine Checks: Each unit underwent routine safety and performance tests during production. This included checks for electrical safety, mechanical integrity, and functionality.
- Final Verification: Before release, each ventilator was subjected to a final verification process to ensure it met all ISO 80601-2-72:2015 requirements.
3. Regulatory Compliance
Certification:
- Documentation: Comprehensive documentation was prepared, including design records, risk management files, and testing results.
- External Certification: The VentEase 3000 was reviewed by a certification body to verify compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015. This involved an audit of the design, manufacturing process, and testing procedures.
Regulatory Approval:
- Submission: MedVent Inc. submitted the necessary documentation to regulatory bodies in various regions to obtain approval for the VentEase 3000.
- Approval: The ventilator received approval and certification, allowing it to be marketed and used in clinical settings.
4. User Instructions and Training
User Manuals:
- Content: MedVent Inc. developed detailed user manuals, including instructions for operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. The manuals provided clear information on safety precautions and operational procedures.
- Accessibility: Manuals were made available in multiple languages and were included with each ventilator unit.
Training Programs:
- Healthcare Provider Training: Training sessions were conducted for healthcare providers to ensure they understood how to operate the VentEase 3000 effectively and respond to any issues.
- Ongoing Support: MedVent Inc. provided ongoing support and additional training as needed.
5. Post-Market Surveillance
Monitoring and Feedback:
- Surveillance System: MedVent Inc. established a system for monitoring the performance of the VentEase 3000 in the field. This included collecting feedback from users and tracking any adverse events.
- Issue Resolution: Any reported issues were investigated and addressed promptly. MedVent Inc. used this feedback to make necessary updates and improvements to the ventilator.
Maintenance and Updates:
- Regular Updates: The company conducted regular maintenance and updates to ensure continued compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015. This included implementing design improvements and addressing any new safety concerns.
6. Compliance Verification
Internal Audits:
- Frequency: Internal audits were conducted regularly to ensure ongoing compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Review: Audits reviewed manufacturing processes, documentation, and product performance.
External Audits:
- Participation: MedVent Inc. participated in external audits by regulatory bodies to verify continued compliance with the standard.
- Feedback: Findings from these audits were used to enhance the safety and performance of the VentEase 3000.
Summary
MedVent Inc. successfully developed and brought to market the VentEase 3000 ventilator by adhering to the requirements of ISO 80601-2-72:2015. The process included rigorous design and testing phases, implementation of a robust quality management system, regulatory certification, and post-market surveillance. By following these practices, MedVent Inc. ensured that the VentEase 3000 was safe, effective, and compliant with international standards for medical ventilators.
White Paper on ISO 80601-2-72:2015 basic safety or essential performance of the ventilator
White Paper: ISO 80601-2-72:2015 – Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Medical Ventilators
Executive Summary
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 outlines the essential safety and performance requirements for medical ventilators. This white paper provides an overview of the standard, its importance, and its impact on the design, manufacturing, and regulation of ventilators used in clinical settings. By adhering to these requirements, manufacturers ensure that ventilators are safe, reliable, and effective for patient care.
1. Introduction
Medical ventilators are critical devices used in managing patients with respiratory insufficiency or failure. ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is a key standard that specifies the basic safety and essential performance criteria necessary for these devices. The standard aims to ensure that ventilators provide reliable support, maintain patient safety, and function effectively in a clinical environment.
2. Scope of ISO 80601-2-72:2015
2.1 Purpose:
- To establish the safety and performance requirements for medical ventilators, ensuring that they meet minimum safety standards and perform as intended.
2.2 Application:
- Applicable to all types of ventilators used in medical settings, including those for invasive and non-invasive ventilation.
3. Key Requirements
3.1 Basic Safety:
- Electrical Safety: The standard outlines requirements for electrical safety, including protection against electrical shock and ensuring proper insulation and grounding.
- Mechanical Safety: Ensures that all mechanical components are secure and function without risk of injury to users or patients.
3.2 Essential Performance:
- Accuracy and Reliability: Ventilators must provide accurate control of ventilation parameters such as tidal volume, pressure, and respiratory rate.
- Alarms and Warnings: Requirements for effective alarm systems to alert users to any malfunction or deviation from expected performance.
- Environmental Conditions: Specifies conditions under which the ventilator must operate effectively, including temperature, humidity, and altitude.
3.3 Risk Management:
- Risk Analysis: Manufacturers must perform risk analyses to identify potential hazards and implement controls to mitigate these risks.
- Testing: Comprehensive testing must be conducted to verify that the ventilator meets all safety and performance requirements.
4. Implementation
4.1 Design and Development:
- Design Specifications: Integrate ISO 80601-2-72:2015 requirements into the design process to ensure the ventilator meets safety and performance criteria.
- Prototyping and Testing: Develop prototypes and conduct rigorous testing to validate compliance with the standard.
4.2 Manufacturing:
- Quality Management System (QMS): Implement a QMS compliant with ISO 13485 to manage production and ensure consistent quality.
- Production Testing: Conduct routine tests on each unit to ensure it meets the standard’s requirements before it reaches the market.
4.3 Regulatory Compliance:
- Certification: Obtain certification from accredited bodies to demonstrate compliance with ISO 80601-2-72:2015.
- Documentation: Maintain thorough documentation of design, testing, and compliance to support regulatory approval.
4.4 Post-Market Surveillance:
- Monitoring: Establish systems for monitoring the performance of the ventilator once it is in use.
- Feedback and Improvement: Collect user feedback and address any issues to ensure ongoing compliance and improve the device.
5. Impact and Benefits
5.1 For Manufacturers:
- Enhanced Safety: Ensures that products meet safety standards, reducing the risk of liability and enhancing market acceptance.
- Regulatory Approval: Facilitates compliance with international regulations, enabling market access in various regions.
5.2 For Healthcare Providers:
- Reliable Performance: Guarantees that ventilators will perform effectively, supporting patient care and reducing the likelihood of equipment-related complications.
- Operational Efficiency: Provides clear guidelines for operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
5.3 For Patients:
- Safety and Efficacy: Ensures that ventilators are safe and effective, improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse events.
6. Challenges and Considerations
6.1 Keeping Up with Advances:
- Technological Developments: The standard must evolve to keep pace with technological advancements in ventilator design and functionality.
6.2 Global Variations:
- Regional Standards: Different regions may have additional or varying requirements, which must be considered in global product development and marketing strategies.
6.3 Implementation Costs:
- Resources: Compliance with the standard may require significant investment in design, testing, and quality management systems.
7. Conclusion
ISO 80601-2-72:2015 is a crucial standard for ensuring the basic safety and essential performance of medical ventilators. By adhering to its requirements, manufacturers can enhance the safety and effectiveness of their products, meet regulatory requirements, and support optimal patient care. Ongoing commitment to compliance and continuous improvement is essential for maintaining high standards in the rapidly evolving field of medical devices.
8. References
- ISO 80601-2-72:2015 – International Standard for Medical Electrical Equipment – Part 2-72: Particular Requirements for Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Ventilators for Medical Use.
- ISO 13485 – Quality Management Systems for Medical Devices.
For further information and detailed guidance on compliance, manufacturers and stakeholders are encouraged to consult the full text of ISO 80601-2-72:2015 and seek expert advice as needed.